Follow“If literacy is driven by the search for knowledge, ecological literacy is driven by the sense of wonder, the sheer delight of being alive in a beautiful, mysterious, bountiful world.” – David W. Orr
” Our greatest challenge lies in rethinking what kind of education is appropriate for a species whose standards of success threaten its ecological foundations.” — David W. Orr
Environmental education is a process by which, under the right circumstances, ecoliteracy can be achieved. In a companion essay [ Ecoliteracy – From Knowledge To Action], I offer a critical review of the state of ecoliteracy in modern society. This review expresses concern about the effectiveness of some environmental education programs. In particular, the concern is expressed about environmental education programs that are conducted in classroom environments instead of in Nature. In this essay, I present the wisdom and experience of two environmental educators, David Orr and Deborah Perryman. Near the end of the essay, I share the details of an environmental education program that I oversee.
We Must Teach By Connecting The Dots
It should come as no surprise that, despite being surrounded by an interdependent Nature, we humans think in bits and pieces and not relationships. From the day we start attending school until we graduate some 12 to 20 years later, we are embedded in an education system that operates in bits and pieces. We attend math classes where we must focus only on math. We take history classes where we must focus only on history. And we take music classes where we are taught to focus only on music. To prove that we have learned something, we are required to take separate exams in each subject and receive separate grades,
David W. Orr is a popular environmental educator, environmentalist, and author. Dr. Orr has been associated with the Center for Ecoliteracy . He says:
“None of the major problems of our time can be understood stood in isolation. They are systemic problems – all interdependent and mutually reinforcing and they require corresponding systemic solutions. Thinking systemically means thinking in terms of relationships, patterns, and context. To use a popular phrase, it means being able to “connect the dots.“
Linda Booth Sweeney describes the problem this way:
“Most classroom structures today do not encourage system literacy. While the world is becoming increasingly more complex, educators can find themselves continuing to fragment knowledge and real-world problems through compartmentalized curricula; science is taught in one class, math in another, English in another. Courses in natural science focus on the material world, while courses in the social sciences focus on the social world, and neither class acknowledges the intensive, ongoing ways in which these two worlds influence each other. When we talk to children about issues, such as climate change, terrorism, and water use, we can raise their awareness of the material and social worlds, bringing together insights from history, biology, and literature, as well as the daily newspaper. Most importantly, we can come to richer understandings by tapping into the experience and insight that children already have. “
Nowhere in this process do we learn about relationships between math and history and music. As a result, we never acquire a consciousness for how things are connected. All we see is the parts. We become specialists and experts in narrow pieces of knowledge. It is no wonder that our worldview about our environment eventually becomes one of separation and dominance instead of cooperation and harmony. But in Nature, everything is connected and interdependent. All of earth’s creatures, except we humans live in a world of connections and practice interdependence.
A Sense Of Wonder
David Orr is a strong advocate for utilizing Nature as the classroom for building consciousness for Nature in the minds and hearts of the youth of our world. In 2012, he eloquently celebrated reconnecting children with the natural world with an essay entitled “A Sense of Wonder for Young Minds . Parts of that essay are reproduced below:
“A revolution in education is under way and it is starting in the most unlikely places.
The revolutionaries are not professional educators from famous universities, rather they are elementary school students, a growing number of intrepid teachers, and a handful of facilitators from widely diverse backgrounds. The goal of the revolution is the reconnection of young people with their own habitats and communities. The classroom is the ecology of the surrounding community, not the confining four walls of the traditional school. The pedagogy of the revolution is simply a process of organized engagement with living systems and the lives of people who live by the grace of those systems.
Perhaps “revolution” is not quite the right word, for it is more akin to a homecoming. We all have an affinity for the natural world, what Harvard biologist Edward O. Wilson calls “biophilia.” This tug toward life is strongest at an early age when we are most alert and impressionable. Before their minds have been marinated in the culture of television, consumerism, shopping malls, computers, and freeways, children can find the magic in trees, water, animals, landscapes, and their own places. Properly cultivated and validated by caring and knowledgeable adults, fascination with nature can mature into ecological literacy and eventually into more purposeful lives.
A curriculum that enables young people to discover their own homes as described here is not an add-on to the conventional curriculum. It is rather the core of a transformed education that enables young minds to perceive the extraordinary in what we mostly mistake for the ordinary. There has never been a time when we needed the kind of transformation described here more than at the end of a century of unprecedented violence and at the dawn of the new millennium. We need it, first, to help open young minds to the awareness of the forgotten connections between people, places, and nature. But we need a transformed curriculum and schools as the start of a larger process of change that might eventually transform our communities and the culture beyond. If this occurs, and I believe that it will, it will begin with small everyday things: freshwater shrimp, the trees along the banks of streams, the lives of ordinary people, the stories we tell, and the excitement of children.
D.H. Lawrence once said that “Water is H2O, hydrogen two parts, oxygen one, but there is also a third thing that makes it water and nobody knows what it is.” It is magic, the kind that can only be found in nature, life, and human possibilities once we are open to them. The kind of education I have in mind takes young people out of the classroom to encounter the mystery of the third thing. In that encounter they discover what Rachel Carson once called the “sense of wonder.” And that is the start of a real education. ”
Here is further commentary by David Orr entitled “Environmental Education and Ecological Literacy” that was published in the Holistic Education Review.
EARTH CENTERED learning rests on seven propositions
The educated person has the knowledge necessary to comprehend interrelationships and the attitude of caring or stewardship. Competence can be derived only from the experience of doing and the mastery of “practice”. Knowing, caring, and practical competence are the basis of ecological literacy.
Ecological literacy, furthermore, implies a broad understanding of how people and societies relate to one another and to natural systems, and how they might do so sustainability.
Ecological literacy is to know that our health, well-being, and ultimately our survival depend on working with, not against, natural forces.
Ecological literacy is to understand the speed of the crisis that is upon the human race. It is to know magnitudes, rates, and trends of population growth, species extinction, soil loss, deforestation, climate change, ozone depletion, resource exhaustion, air an water pollution, toxic and radioactive contamination, resource and energy use, that is the vital signs of the planet and its ecosystems.
Ecological literacy requires a comprehension of the dynamics of the modern world of humanity. It requires a thorough understanding of the ways in which people and whole societies have become destructive of the natural world. The ecologically literate person will appreciate something of how social structures, religion, politics, technology, patriarchy, culture, agriculture, and human cussedness combine as causes of our predicament. Ecological literacy requires an understanding of the major importance of sustainability. The concept of sustainability implies a radical change in the institutions and patterns that we have come to accept as normal. Sustainability implies a new ecology that is the basis for the redesign of technology, cities, farms, and educational institutions as well as a change in metaphors from mechanical to organic, industrial to biological.
Environmental literacy requires a broad familiarity with the development of ecological consciousness which includes efficient resource management, and a broad search for pattern and meaning including issues of value and ethics. It requires more durable directions toward prudence, stewardship, and the celebration of the Creation.
Using Natural Space For Teaching Outside Of The Classroom
I have had the honor of working with Deb Perryman, an Elgin, Illinois high school teacher who, among many honors, received the 2004 Illinois Teacher of the Year award and the 2014 Environmental Educator of the Year award by the Environmental Education Association of Illinois. She was recognized for implementing environmental education in and out of the classroom, including using 35 acres of natural space outside of Elgin High School as an instructional tool. Her story is documented by PBS in an excellent Youtube video. Her teaching style incorporates both indoor and outdoor classrooms.
In addition to her teaching duties, Deb has developed the National Biodiversity Teach-In which is described in their web page:
“We are the students and teachers of the Environmental Science classes at Elgin High School, and this is our project, that started in 2014, to raise awareness about the importance of biodiversity and to inspire our participants to take action in its protection.”
Hope For Mankind’s Future Comes From Instilling A Deep Consciousness For An Interdependent Nature In Our Youth.
One of the most important conservation strategies available to us humans is the creation of a deep consciousness of Nature in the minds and hearts of our youth. The youth of the world, age 25 and younger, represent 50% of the human population. Our youth are generally untainted by the cultural disconnection from Nature that is characteristic of most adults over age 25. With our youth, we have the opportunity of building a legacy for future generations that will serve to guide young people along a pathway of preserving and sustaining Nature for the benefit of life on Earth.
All life on Earth depends upon the flow of energy throughout our Earth’s ecosystems. The pathways for this energy flow touch every living organism on Earth including we humans. These pathways are interconnected and interdependent. By creating a human consciousness for the idea that nothing in Nature lives in isolation and that everything is interconnected and interdependent, we lay the groundwork for respecting and conserving the very basis of life.
We can instill this connectivity consciousness in the souls of our young people through both example and environmental education that is conducted outdoors.
The Power of Teaching About Nature Outdoors
While I am a marine biologist, I am not a trained teacher. Much of what I do as a teacher/mentor has developed through direct experience.
One of the most powerful lessons that I have learned is to teach outdoors because my students will respond more effectively. The reason is that the outdoor learning experience is BOTH information-based and emotionally-based. Ideas take root in young minds when they touch, feel, taste, and smell. When I gave a seminar or class indoors, my students will always exhibit resistance to learning. Either they won’t read the assigned material or they will show signs of inattention. But, when I conduct a class outdoors, I usually give the students a bag or box to collect things that relate to the material I want to teach. The students turn the experience into a treasure hunt. They are proud of what they have found. And, we keep the material so that we can review our field trip in the classroom during the next class session. The collected material is also used for the student teaching experiences discussed below. If we are doing our work on a beach, we will always go in the water for a swim after class.
I teach energy flow in Nature inside a mangrove forest at a local estuary. We start by outstretching our arms to feel the sun’s energy. We then work our way down through the mangrove tree as we search for creatures that are acquiring energy. We work ourselves all the way into the root system and the surrounding detritus as we note examples of energy flow and energy transformation. As a review, we then draw food web diagrams to take back to class with us for review.
By working in this manner, the ideas of energy transportation and transformation become incorporated into the student’s knowledge base. They see, feel, and touch the ideas of interconnection and interdependence first-hand.
Building And Maintaining Legacy
My primary contact is with senior-level high school students. However, in the course of their learning experience, senior high school students learn to become the teachers of younger students from 4th-grade primary through junior high school. My group of student-teachers are called the “Green Team”. They both manage and teach this program. I am only a mentor and technical adviser. There is a certain magic that takes place when my Green Team students teach younger students. Normally frisky 4th and 5th graders listen with great attention when the Green Team is doing the teaching and allowing everyone to touch, feel, and listen. The young students listen and respond with zeal.
Our Green Team program consists of two parts — all taught by student-specialists.
First, the Green Team provides a 45-minute introductory talk to the young students in their classroom about Nature’s energy flow and about what to expect during the upcoming field trip. A box of specimens (plant parts, skeletons, rocks, etc), previously collected by my students, are brought into the classroom so that the young students can view, touch, taste, and smell while the talk is being given. This session ends with instructions about safety and behavior during the field trip.
Within a week of the introductory talk, the young students will go to the local estuary for a hands-on experience.
First, the young students play the “string game”. The string game is an activity that can be used as a demonstration and simulation of connections in Nature. In this simulation, students represent plants and animals living in the habitat which is being visited. Each student has a picture of who he or she is representing in Nature. Sitting in a circle, students connect themselves to each other using a ball of string to represent the ways in which they depend on each other for their energy flow. As they make connections, the string forms a visual web of life. In the final part of the simulation game, the students will experience what happens when a connection is destroyed. Here is an excellent 8 page PDF document that describes the process.
The young students then visit the nearby mangrove forest and focus on energy flow as described in an earlier paragraph. Near the end of the field trip experience, the young students will review what they have learned by sitting in a circle and answering the question: “What Did You See?
Throughout this experience, the teachers and the learners are building a legacy. My Green Team teachers are passing on what they know to a group of younger students. The hope is that someday the younger students will pass on their inspired knowledge to others. The Green Team program is conducted at a local private kinder through 12th-grade school. So, there is an opportunity for younger students to become teachers when they reach high school. Furthermore, we are hoping to expand the Green Team program to other schools in the community.
Here is a current list of essays about ecoliteracy for your consideration. This list will expand with time.
- Ecoliteracy – What Is Ecoliteracy?
- Ecoliteracy – Interdependence Is Life
- Ecoliteracy – Our Earth Is A Living System
- Ecoliteracy – The Poverty Of Human Insight
- Ecoliteracy – We Need An Ecoliterate Citizenry
- Ecoliteracy – A Systems View Of Life
- Ecoliteracy – Rethinking Environmental Education
- Ecoliteracy – From Knowledge To Action
- Ecoliteracy – The Power of Legacy
- Ecoliteracy – Empowering Our Youth
- Ecoliteracy – Web Resource Material
For Your Further Consideration
This essay is part of a series of essays about ecoliteracy that present ideas to environmental educators, students, and all stewards of Nature. These ideas come from some of our modern great thinkers. The emphasis in these essays will be on two key ideas:
- Our earth is a living system that transports and transforms energy to all life. The key to an active ecoliteracy that results in a healthy environment for all life on earth is the building of a systems view of life into the minds and hearts of humanity, This worldview is based the fact that all of Nature is interconnected and interdependent.
- Environmental education is not simply offering facts. Environmental education must be hands-on and take place outdoors if ideas, facts, and effective conservation strategies are to become a consciousness in the minds and hearts of our youth. Environmental education must include the passing of this consciousness to future generations.
thrilled in knowing that I’ve played some small part in setting this world view in motion in your mind.
Please Comment
The purpose of my essays is to develop a dialog with my readers. You are strongly encouraged to comment on this essay in the space provided below.
My name is Bill Graham. As a Marine Biologist who has worked in the US and Mexico for 30 years, I am a student of Nature, a teacher, a researcher, and a nature photographer. Through my work, I have acquired an ever growing passion for how everything in Nature is connected. Today, I travel extensively contemplating about, writing about, and photographing Nature’s connections. I also work with conservation projects in the USA and Mexico and mentor talented youth.
8 Responses to “Ecoliteracy – Rethinking Environmental Education”
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Great post, Bill. I have this sentiment too that there is no education outside environmental education. Most of what is happening to our planet right now could easily have been avoided if everyone was an ecological literate.
Thanks for your comment Faith. As an environmental educator, my overriding goal is to build a deep ecological consciousness in my students and leave them with the idea that everything in Nature is interconnected and interdependent.